# George Lab (Olivier George Lab), UC San Diego

> The George Lab, led by Olivier George, PhD, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, studies the neurobiology of addiction at every level of biology, from genes and molecules to neurons, brain circuits, whole-brain networks, and behavior, with the goal of developing better treatments for substance use disorders (alcohol, nicotine, opioids, and cocaine).

Key facts:
- Principal investigator: Olivier George, PhD, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego (profile: https://profiles.ucsd.edu/olivier.george; Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=T7lqFGEAAAAJ).
- Lab location: 9255 Pharmacy Lane, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Research areas: transition to addiction and compulsive drug use, withdrawal and negative emotional states, neuronal ensembles, whole-brain imaging and functional connectomics, genetics of addiction in heterogeneous stock rats (GWAS), sex differences, gut microbiome, and new treatments.
- Dr. George directs PARC, the Polysubstance Addiction Research Center, a NIDA P50 Center of Excellence at UC San Diego (https://www.drugaddictionresearch.org), which runs the Addiction Biobanks of specimens from behaviorally and genetically characterized rats (https://www.drugaddictionresearch.org/biobanks).
- 130 peer-reviewed publications, synced from PubMed.

## Main pages
- [Home](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/): overview of the lab and its multiscale approach.
- [Research](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/research): research program and approaches.
- [Scales of biology](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/scales): how the lab studies addiction across nine orders of magnitude, from genes to behavior.
- [Evolution of the concept of addiction](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/addiction-timeline): interactive timeline of addiction science, policy, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemics from the early 1900s to today, with sources.
- [Olivier George, PhD: bio](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/bio): biography, career path, and recent talks.
- [Lab members](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/members): current members and alumni.
- [Publications](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/publications): full publication list with PubMed and DOI links.
- [News and press](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news): plain-language summaries of new papers, lab news, and press coverage.
- [Invited talks](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/talks)
- [Impact](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/impact): the burden of addiction and the impact of the lab's research.
- [Join us](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/join-us): open positions and expectations.
- [Contact](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/contact)

## Plain-language summaries of recent papers
- [The George Lab website has a new home](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-09-25-new-website) (2026-09-25): 
- [Is Vulnerability to Cocaine Written in Our Genes?](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-06-12-is-vulnerability-to-cocaine-written-in-our-genes) (2026-06-12): Cocaine use disorder is one of the most stubborn problems in addiction medicine. Roughly 1.4 million Americans meet the criteria for it, and after decades of research there is still not a single FDA-approved medication to treat it. We have known for a long time that genetics plays a role. Twin studi
- [Why We Need to Stop Ignoring Females in Addiction Research](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-03-25-why-we-need-to-stop-ignoring-females-in-addiction-research) (2026-03-25): For decades, a frustrating pattern has played out in addiction neuroscience: females were basically ignored, not even included in the studies. Then, thanks to the NIH SABV mandates almost exactly 10 years ago, researchers all over the country started including females. This shift has led to intrigui
- [Predicting Addiction: Could Your Initial Response to Painkillers Reveal Your Future Risk?](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-30-predicting-addiction-initial-response-to-painkillers) (2026-01-30): We’ve all heard stories about the opioid crisis, but one of the biggest mysteries remains: why can two people take the same dose of a painkiller, yet only one of them ends up struggling with addiction? While we know that individual risk varies wildly, identifying why one person transitions to depend
- [Bridging the Gap: Why Promising Lab Results for Alcohol Treatment Sometimes Fail in Humans](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-bridging-the-gap-alcohol-treatment-lab-to-humans) (2026-01-28): We are constantly searching for new ways to treat alcohol use disorder (AUD), a condition that affects millions of people and leads to significant health and economic costs. Recently, a type of drug called a PPAR-alpha agonist showed great promise in animal studies, significantly reducing alcohol co
- [Choosing to Drink: How Voluntary Alcohol Exposure Changes the Brain](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-choosing-to-drink-how-voluntary-alcohol-exposure-changes-the-brain) (2026-01-28): When we study alcohol addiction, we often look at how the brain responds after long periods of heavy use. For years, the standard way to study this in the lab was through 'forced' exposure, where subjects are passively given alcohol to reach high levels in their bloodstream. However, we recently dev
- [Cracking the Molecular Code of Opioid Addiction: From Humans to Rodents](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-cracking-the-molecular-code-of-opioid-addiction-from-humans-to-rodents) (2026-01-28): Opioid use disorder (OUD) has grown into a severe global health emergency, yet long term abstinence remains an elusive goal for many. One major reason is that chronic opioid use leaves lasting marks on the brain that persist long after someone stops using. In our latest study, we used advanced genet
- [Decoding Addiction: How Cocaine Changes the Amygdala at the Single-Cell Level](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-decoding-addiction-how-cocaine-changes-the-amygdala-at-the-single-cell-level) (2026-01-28): Drug addiction is a complex struggle that involves powerful memories and intense emotions. While we know the brain’s reward system is involved, we are still learning how specific cells within the brain's emotional center, the amygdala , change during addiction. In our recent study with the Telese la
- [Fighting Smoking with Science: Evolving a Nicotine-Eating Enzyme](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-fighting-smoking-with-science-evolving-a-nicotine-eating-enzyme) (2026-01-28): Smoking remains a massive global health crisis, causing one in ten deaths worldwide. While many people want to quit, the intense grip of nicotine addiction makes it incredibly difficult, with roughly 80% of attempts ending in relapse. In our latest study with the Bardwell lab at HHMI, we used the po
- [High-Tech Tracking on a Budget: How We Revolutionized Large-Scale Addiction Research](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-high-tech-tracking-on-a-budget) (2026-01-28): In the world of neuroscience, observing how behavior changes over time is a cornerstone of understanding the brain. Whether we are studying addiction, learning, or social interaction, capturing every movement of a subject can reveal patterns that the human eye might miss. However, setting up a high-
- [Nicotine and the Brain: Why 'Vaping' Might Lead to Snacking](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-nicotine-and-the-brain-why-vaping-might-lead-to-snacking) (2026-01-28): We often hear that nicotine is a powerful appetite suppressant. This is why many long term smokers find it difficult to quit, fearing the weight gain that often follows. However, our recent study has uncovered a fascinating paradox: while nicotine might help keep weight off in the long run, an acute
- [Nicotine and Hunger: Why Smoking Actually Makes You Want to Eat](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-nicotine-and-hunger-why-smoking-actually-makes-you-want-to-eat) (2026-01-28): We often think of nicotine as something that kills your appetite. While it is true that long term smoking can lead to weight loss, some people find that they actually feel a strange surge of hunger right after a cigarette. In our recent study, we explored this 'paradoxical hunger' and discovered tha
- [Redefining the Addictive Personality: One Core Vulnerability, Many Behaviors](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-redefining-the-addictive-personality-one-core-vulnerability-many-behaviors) (2026-01-28): When we look at addiction, we often wonder if different behaviors like taking more of a drug over time, working harder to get it, or continuing to use it despite bad consequences are separate problems or part of one bigger issue. For a long time, researchers treated these as independent traits. Howe
- [Searching for a 'Blood Print' of Opioid Use: A New Look at Oxycodone](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-searching-for-a-blood-print-of-opioid-use-a-new-look-at-oxycodone) (2026-01-28): The ongoing opioid crisis remains a critical public health emergency, and understanding how these drugs change the body is vital for developing better diagnostics and treatments. While we know much about how opioids affect the brain, their impact on the rest of the body, specifically the chemicals c
- [Stress, Social Defeat, and the Cycle of Nicotine Addiction](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-stress-social-defeat-and-the-cycle-of-nicotine-addiction) (2026-01-28): In our latest review paper, we explore the deep biological links between stress and nicotine addiction. This work is especially meaningful as it is dedicated to the honor of Dr. Klaus Miczek, a true pioneer in the field who recently passed away. I personally loved interacting with him, and his groun
- [The Epigenetic Impact of Cocaine: How Abstinence Rewires the Brain](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-the-epigenetic-impact-of-cocaine-how-abstinence-rewires-the-brain) (2026-01-28): Cocaine use disorder is a major public health crisis with significant social and economic costs, yet there are currently no FDA-approved medications to treat it. While genetics certainly play a role in addiction, they do not tell the whole story. In our recent study, we explored the 'missing heritab
- [The Gut-Brain Connection: How Microbes Shape the Urge to Seek Cocaine](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-the-gut-brain-connection-how-microbes-shape-the-urge-to-seek-cocaine) (2026-01-28): Cocaine use disorder is a devastating public health crisis, yet we currently have no FDA approved medications to help people maintain long term recovery. One of the greatest challenges in treating addiction is preventing relapse, which often occurs after long periods of being clean. In our recent st
- [Understanding Cocaine Escalation: It’s All About 'Incentive Salience'](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-understanding-cocaine-escalation-it-s-all-about-incentive-salience) (2026-01-28): Why do some people become addicted to cocaine more quickly than others? For decades, scientists have debated whether addiction is driven by sensitization of the psychomotor effect of the drug (getting a bigger effect of the drug over time), sensitization of the motivational effects of the cues (ince
- [Understanding Oxycodone Addiction: How Genetics and Sex Shape Behavior](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-understanding-oxycodone-addiction-how-genetics-and-sex-shape-behavior) (2026-01-28): The opioid epidemic remains a critical public health crisis, fueled in part by the widespread prescription of medications like oxycodone. While these drugs are effective for pain, they carry a high risk for addiction and dangerous side effects like respiratory depression. In our recent study with th
- [Why Men and Women Experience Cocaine Differently: A New Look at the Brain](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-why-men-and-women-experience-cocaine-differently-a-new-look-at-the-brain) (2026-01-28): When we talk about drug addiction, we often focus on behavior or the chemistry of 'feeling good.' But beneath the surface, there is a complex battle happening in the brain’s immune system. Interestingly, this battle doesn’t look the same for everyone. For years, we have noticed that men and women fa
- [Why Opioids Mess With Your Body Clock: A Sex-Specific Story](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/news/2026-01-28-why-opioids-mess-with-your-body-clock-a-sex-specific-story) (2026-01-28): Sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions are some of the most common and frustrating symptoms of opioid use disorder. Many people in recovery struggle with insomnia or find that their internal biological clock is completely out of sync. In our latest study in collaboration tithe the Logan lab, we look

## Recent publications
- Lara MK, Carrette LLG, Sanches TM, Polesskaya O, Avelar A, Beeson A, Beldjoud H, Boomhower B, Brennan M, Chen D, Cheng R, China L, Chitre AS, Conlisk DE, Fannon M, Johnson BB, Keung E, Kimbrough A, Kononoff J, Martinez AR, Maturin L, Nguyen KM, Morgan A, Mosquera J, Othman D, Plasil SL, Ramborger J, Schweitzer P, Sedighim S, Seshie O, Shankar K, Sichel B, Simpson S, Smith LC, Sneddon EA, Tieu L, Velarde N, Zahedi S, Woods LCS, Kallupi M, de Guglielmo G, Palmer AA, George O (2026). Genome-wide association study of cocaine self-administration behavior in Heterogeneous Stock rats. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73694-w
- Hoffman PL, de Guglielmo G, Vengeliene V, Kunze W, Lebonville CL, Swinny JD, Roberts AJ, George O, McVey Neufeld KA, Dunbar A, Saba LM, Ma R, Vendruscolo LF, Becker HC, Spanagel R, Tabakoff B (2026). Engaging Gut-to-Brain Signalling to Treat Alcohol Use Disorder. Addict Biol. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.70144
- Sneddon EA, Chonwattanagul S, Bai K, Kurup PH, Plasil SL, Doyle MR, Zahedi S, Simpson S, Sichel BC, Othman DN, Brennan M, Palmer AA, Kallupi M, Carrette LLG, de Guglielmo G, George O (2026). High incidence of estrous cycle irregularities in heterogeneous stock (HS) rats is associated with footshock-resistant cocaine intake. Psychopharmacology (Berl). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-026-07041-8
- Kallupi M, de Guglielmo G, Carrette LLG, Simpson S, Kononoff J, Kimbrough A, Smith LC, Shankar K, Avelar A, Conlisk D, Brennan M, Tieu L, Sedighim S, Boomhower B, Maturin L, Fannon MJ, Martinez A, Crook C, Dirik S, Velarde N, Schweitzer P, Bonnet-Zahedi S, Sneddon E, Plasil S, Morgan AA, Othman DN, Sichel B, Peng B, Chitre AS, Polesskaya O, Lau J, Vang A, Solberg Woods LC, Palmer AA, George O (2026). Large-scale behavioral characterization of oxycodone self-administration in heterogeneous stock rats reveals initial analgesic effects are associated with addiction-like behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-026-02348-8
- Ramborger J, Mosquera J, Brennan M, Sichel B, Othman D, Plasil S, Sneddon E, Zahedi S, Morgan A, Chonwattanagul S, Bai K, China L, La T, Maturin L, Carrette LLG, George O (2026). Incentive salience, not psychomotor sensitization or tolerance, drives escalation of cocaine self-administration in heterogeneous stock rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-026-02350-0
- Delorme TC, Sambare S, Williams BR, Gamble MC, Carrette LLG, Solberg Woods LC, Maturin L, Palmer AA, George O, Logan RW (2025). Sex-specific transcriptional signatures of oxycodone persist during withdrawal and abstinence in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of heterogeneous stock rats. Addict Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100240
- Shankar K, Zahedi S, George O (2025). The influence of stress and social defeat on neurobiological reinforcement mechanisms across reward to withdrawal in nicotine addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06852-5
- Shelton MA, Horan N, Xue X, Maturin L, Eacret D, Michaud J, Singh N, Williams BR, Gamble MC, Seggio JA, Fish MK, Phan BN, Tseng GC, Blendy JA, Solberg Woods LC, Palmer AA, George O, Logan RW, Seney ML (2025). Sex-Specific Concordance of Striatal Transcriptional Signatures of Opioid Addiction in Human and Rodent Brains. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100476
- Vu T, Godbole S, Carrette LLG, Maturin L, George O, Saba LM, Kechris K (2025). Identification of Plasma Metabolites Responding to Oxycodone Exposure in Rats. Metabolites. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15020095
- de Guglielmo G, Carrette L, Kallupi M, Brennan M, Boomhower B, Maturin L, Conlisk D, Sedighim S, Tieu L, Fannon MJ, Martinez AR, Velarde N, Othman D, Sichel B, Ramborger J, Lau J, Kononoff J, Kimbrough A, Simpson S, Smith LC, Shankar K, Bonnet-Zahedi S, Sneddon EA, Avelar A, Plasil SL, Mosquera J, Crook C, Chun L, Vang A, Milan KK, Schweitzer P, Lin B, Peng B, Chitre AS, Polesskaya O, Solberg Woods LC, Palmer AA, George O (2024). Large-scale characterization of cocaine addiction-like behaviors reveals that escalation of intake, aversion-resistant responding, and breaking-points are highly correlated measures of the same construct. Elife. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.90422
- Okamoto F, Chitre AS, Missfeldt Sanches T, Chen D, Munro D, Aron AT, Beeson A, Bimschleger HV, Eid M, Garcia Martinez AG, Han W, Holl K, Jackson T, Johnson BB, King CP, Kuhn BN, Lamparelli AC, Netzley AH, Nguyen KH, Peng BF, Tripi JA, Wang T, Ziegler KS, Adams DJ, Baud A, Carrette LLG, Chen H, de Guglielmo G, Dorrestein P, George O, Ishiwari K, Jablonski MM, Jhou TC, Kallupi M, Knight R, Meyer PJ, Solberg Woods LC, Polesskaya O, Palmer AA (2024). Y and mitochondrial chromosomes in the heterogeneous stock rat population. G3 (Bethesda). https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkae213
- Ramborger J, Kalra S, Mosquera J, Smith ACW, George O (2024). High quality, high throughput, and low-cost simultaneous video recording of 60 animals in operant chambers using PiRATeMC. J Neurosci Methods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110270
- Shankar K, Bonnet-Zahedi S, Milan K, D'argence AR, Sneddon E, Qiao R, Chonwattangul S, Carrette LLG, Kallupi M, George O (2024). Acute nicotine activates orectic and inhibits anorectic brain regions in rats exposed to chronic nicotine. Neuropharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109959
- Mason BJ, Estey D, Roberts A, de Guglielmo G, George O, Light J, Stoolmiller M, Quello S, Skinner M, Shadan F, Begovic A, Kyle MC, Harris RA (2024). A reverse translational study of PPAR-α agonist efficacy in human and rodent models relevant to alcohol use disorder. Neurobiol Stress. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100604
- Shankar K, Ramborger J, Bonnet-Zahedi S, Carrette LLG, George O (2023). Acute nicotine intake increases feeding behavior through decreasing glucagon signaling in dependent male and female rats. Horm Behav. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105447
- Zhou JL, de Guglielmo G, Ho AJ, Kallupi M, Pokhrel N, Li HR, Chitre AS, Munro D, Mohammadi P, Carrette LLG, George O, Palmer AA, McVicker G, Telese F (2023). Author Correction: Single-nucleus genomics in outbred rats with divergent cocaine addiction-like behaviors reveals changes in amygdala GABAergic inhibition. Nat Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01489-z
- Zhou JL, de Guglielmo G, Ho AJ, Kallupi M, Pokhrel N, Li HR, Chitre AS, Munro D, Mohammadi P, Carrette LLG, George O, Palmer AA, McVicker G, Telese F (2023). Single-nucleus genomics in outbred rats with divergent cocaine addiction-like behaviors reveals changes in amygdala GABAergic inhibition. Nat Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01452-y
- Dulchavsky M, Mitra R, Wu K, Li J, Boer K, Liu X, Zhang Z, Vasquez C, Clark CT, Funckes K, Shankar K, Bonnet-Zahedi S, Siddiq M, Sepulveda Y, Suhandynata RT, Momper JD, Calabrese AN, George O, Stull F, Bardwell JCA (2023). Directed evolution unlocks oxygen reactivity for a nicotine-degrading flavoenzyme. Nat Chem Biol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-023-01426-y
- Beldjoud H, Avelar A, de Guglielmo G, Kallupi M, Sedighim S, Velarde N, Boomhower B, Rizo N, Carrette LLG, George O (2023). Chronic administration of a norepinephrine antagonist prevents and partially reverses escalation of cocaine self-administration. Addict Biol. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13316
- Meckel KR, Simpson SS, Godino A, Peck EG, Sens JP, Leonard MZ, George O, Calipari ES, Hofford RS, Kiraly DD (2023). Microbial short-chain fatty acids regulate drug seeking and transcriptional control in a model of cocaine seeking. Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01661-w
- Cheng Y, Dempsey RE, Roodsari SK, Shuboni-Mulligan DD, George O, Sanford LD, Guo ML (2023). Cocaine Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity and CRF Signaling in a Region- and Sex-Dependent Manner in Rat Brain. Biomedicines. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071800
- Doyle MR, Martinez AR, Qiao R, Dirik S, Di Ottavio F, Pascasio G, Martin-Fardon R, Benner C, George O, Telese F, de Guglielmo G (2023). Strain and sex-related behavioral variability of oxycodone dependence in rats. Neuropharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109635
- Carrette LLG, Kimbrough A, Davoudian PA, Kwan AC, Collazo A, George O (2023). Hyperconnectivity of Two Separate Long-Range Cholinergic Systems Contributes to the Reorganization of the Brain Functional Connectivity during Nicotine Withdrawal in Male Mice. eNeuro. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0019-23.2023
- Kumaresan V, Lim Y, Juneja P, Tipton AE, de Guglielmo G, Carrette LLG, Kallupi M, Maturin L, Liu Y, George O, Zhang H (2023). Abstinence from Escalation of Cocaine Intake Changes the microRNA Landscape in the Cortico-Accumbal Pathway. Biomedicines. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051368
- Gabriel RA, Harjai B, Simpson S, Du AL, Tully JL, George O, Waterman R (2023). An Ensemble Learning Approach to Improving Prediction of Case Duration for Spine Surgery: Algorithm Development and Validation. JMIR Perioper Med. https://doi.org/10.2196/39650
- de Guglielmo G, Simpson S, Kimbrough A, Conlisk D, Baker R, Cantor M, Kallupi M, George O (2022). Voluntary and forced exposure to ethanol vapor produces similar escalation of alcohol drinking but differential recruitment of brain regions related to stress, habit, and reward in male rats. Neuropharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109309
- George O, Ahmed SH, Gilpin NW (2022). Are we compulsively chasing rainbows? Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01419-w
- Aldridge GM, Zarin TA, Brandner AJ, George O, Gilpin NW, Repunte-Canonigo V, Sanna PP, Koob GF, Vendruscolo LF, Schmeichel BE (2022). Effects of single and dual hypocretin-receptor blockade or knockdown of hypocretin projections to the central amygdala on alcohol drinking in dependent male rats. Addict Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100028
- Duttke SH, Montilla-Perez P, Chang MW, Li H, Chen H, Carrette LLG, de Guglielmo G, George O, Palmer AA, Benner C, Telese F (2022). Glucocorticoid Receptor-Regulated Enhancers Play a Central Role in the Gene Regulatory Networks Underlying Drug Addiction. Front Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.858427
- Carrette LLG, Corral C, Boomhower B, Brennan M, Crook C, Ortez C, Shankar K, Simpson S, Maturin L, Solberg Woods LC, Palmer AA, de Guglielmo G, George O (2022). Leptin Protects Against the Development and Expression of Cocaine Addiction-Like Behavior in Heterogeneous Stock Rats. Front Behav Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.832899

## Optional
- [Full publication list](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/publications)
- [Resources](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/resources): PARC, Addiction Biobanks, NIH Biosketch Converter.
- [Lab philosophy](https://www.oliviergeorge.com/philosophy)